Correct : b,c

To determine the correct destination IP and MAC addresses when a packet leaves Node X, let us analyze how addressing works across different layers of the OSI model as data moves through an internetwork.
1. Destination IP Address Analysis (Network Layer - Layer 3): • IP addresses are used for end-to-end routing across different logical networks.
• The source IP address is always the original sender (Node X), and the destination IP address is always the ultimate recipient (Node Y).
• Intermediate devices like routers (R) or switches (S) do not change the ultimate destination IP address of a standard data packet during transit.
    → Therefore, the destination IP address is the IP address of Y. (Validates Option b)
2. Destination MAC Address Analysis (Data Link Layer - Layer 2): • MAC addresses are used for hop-by-hop delivery within the same physical local area network (LAN) segment.
• Node X uses its routing table to determine that Node Y is on a different network, meaning the packet must be sent to its default gateway, which is the intermediate IP router R.
• Node X uses ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) to find the MAC address matching Router R's IP address and sets it as the destination MAC address.
• What about Ethernet Switch S? An Ethernet switch is a Layer 2 device that transparently forwards frames within a local network segment using its MAC address table. Packets are never logically addressed to the switch itself unless the switch is the final management destination.
    → Therefore, the destination MAC address is the MAC address of the next-hop router R. (Validates Option c)
Conclusion: Statements b and c are both correct.