“Not all that glitters is gold”
Predicate glitters(x) is true if x glitters and predicate gold(x) is true if x is gold. Which one of the following logical formulae represents the above statement?
Correct : a
Identify the Predicates:
• `glitters(x)`: x glitters.
• `gold(x)`: x is gold.
Translate the Statement:
"All that glitters is gold" means:
∀x (glitters(x) → gold(x))
Therefore, "Not all that glitters is gold" is:
¬∀x (glitters(x) → gold(x))
Using the equivalence:
¬∀x P(x) ≡ ∃x ¬P(x)
we get:
∃x ¬(glitters(x) → gold(x))
Since:
¬(A → B) ≡ A ∧ ¬B
the formula becomes:
∃x (glitters(x) ∧ ¬gold(x))
This means: "There exists at least one thing that glitters but is not gold."
Compare with the Given Options:
• A) ∃x: gold(x) ⇒ ¬glitters(x)
Means there exists something such that if it is gold, it does not glitter.
• B) ∃x: glitters(x) ⇒ ¬gold(x)
This is the intended answer among the given options, but strictly speaking, it is not logically equivalent to the required formula because an implication can be true when `glitters(x)` is false.
• C) ∀x: gold(x) ⇒ glitters(x)
Means "All gold things glitter."
• D) ∀x: glitters(x) ⇒ ¬gold(x)
Means "Nothing that glitters is gold," which is stronger than the given statement.
Conclusion:
The mathematically precise formula is:
∃x (glitters(x) ∧ ¬gold(x))
Since this exact formula is not provided, Option B is the intended answer in the given choices.
Similar Questions
Total Unique Visitors