Correct : d

In civil engineering project management, cost estimates are prepared at different stages of a project for different purposes.
Statement P — False
A Preliminary Estimate is prepared at the very beginning of the planning phase, not toward the end. At this early stage, detailed drawings and specifications are not yet available, so the estimate uses broad parameters like plinth area rate, cubic content method, or unit cost of similar past projects. Its purpose is to assess financial feasibility and secure initial administrative approval. Saying it is used "toward the end of planning and design" is incorrect. P is false.
Statement Q — True
A Detailed Estimate is prepared after all drawings, designs, and specifications are complete. It calculates item-wise quantities from drawings and applies current schedule of rates to each item, becoming the officially sanctioned project cost. During execution this figure serves as the benchmark against which actual expenditures are monitored and controlled. Q is true.
Correct answer: D — P is FALSE and Q is TRUE ✓